How Do You Tune An Idea Essay - 1177 Words

How to tune an idea? The other day, one of my younger cousins came to see me and we had a long chat. At one point, he said that he was contemplating on a technology-based business idea in which he showed his zest and zeal to endow. I asked him to share the thoughts with me in detail. Then he explained, what he wanted to do, how to implement the thinking, approximate cost, budget, tentative loss-profit calculation, marketing procedure and supply chain management system etc. I found out that the proposal is new in Bangladesh and may be feasible if he can run it properly. Then I asked him to prepare a pitch deck for it. He replied, how about the pitch and how to do it. I informed that what you described me for the last half an hour, write it down. It will be a prototype. When you would make a slide with the gist of the prototype, it is generally named pitch. A pitch deck basically is a brief presentation, often created using PowerPoint, Keynote or Prezi used to provide your audience with a quick overview/sh ort summary of your company, business venture and startup. You will usually use your pitch during face-to-face or online meetings with potential investor or clients. According to the famous evangelist and author, Guy Kawasaki, who is also an American marketing specialist and Silicon Valley venture capitalist, a pitch should have ten slides, last no more than twenty minutes and contain no font smaller than thirty points. This is applicable for any presentation to reachShow MoreRelatedTechnologys Effect on Music Essay908 Words   |  4 PagesAuto-Tune has been the death of real music, just as Charles Manson killed Sharon Tate. While the program didn’t hold a gun to music’s head, it was the mastermind behind the decline of raw emotion. In the 70’s and 80’s music was more than just perfect figures and dance moves, music was real. 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The Psychology Of Clinical Psychology - 929 Words

Clinical psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on and diagnoses mental, emotional, and behavioural disorders. A clinical psychologist may specialise in certain disorders, including anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and bipolar disorders. He or she may also provide counseling services to people who are struggling with divorces, relationship and emotional problems. Clinical psychological services include procedures to understand, predict, and relieve any forms of discomfort. This includes emotional, physical, and psychological distress, social and behavioral struggles, and mental illness. In addition, clinical psychology includes services to enhance functioning in all of these areas. Within this†¦show more content†¦The clinical psychologists may specialise in areas such as addiction, domestic relationships, or learning disabilities. Practitioners in this field may meet with their clients one-on-one, or they may lead group sessions. The psy chologists assess their clients to create intervention methods to achieve their goals. The second group is the clinical psychologists who specialise in research. Their investigations improve our understanding of human behaviour. Researches in this field may run studies and publish their discoveries. They also make recommendations to further improve systems in clinical psychology. Research psychologists ensure comprehension of mental, emotional, and behavioural disorders. Clinical psychologists ask several questions to discuss their client’s difficulties. They also consider if the client has seen a counselor before, and if the sessions have been successful. Once they grasp the patient’s medical and psychological problems, the clinicians will also ask about other aspects of his or her life. Clinical psychologists ask for their client to further discuss their problems, and how it has affected their life. They will ask how the problems have been previously alleviated, and what makes the client more content and happy with their life. With this information, the clinical psychologist determines if additional sessions are likely to be useful. If so, they will recommend a particular type of approach or therapy based on the client’s individual needs.

Microeconomic Factors Domestic and Global Market †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Microeconomic Factors Domestic and Global Market. Answer: Introduction Microeconomics is the branch of economics that deals with decision making of an individual, for single firm or a single market. Basic microeconomic factors help to understand economic scenario for domestic and global market. In the present paper, an article on grain price volatility is considered. There are three influencing factors affecting the price of grains. The article concerns what is happening in the international market and in the domestic market of Australia. Demand and Supply forces interact to determine price in the market. Price of wheat and barley has undergone with fluctuation for volatility in demand and supply side factors. Australia participates in export of grains. Therefore, global market conditions also affect decision in the domestic market. The article is discussed in detail using concepts of demand, supply and elasticity of demand. The article Dramatic impact on global grain prices is published by Agfarm; www.agfarm.com.au. The main concern of the article is price volatility of wheat and barley in the domestic and international market. In the year 2016/2017, harvesting experiences a low grain price that is lower in the extent of 10 years (farmweekly.com.au 2017). In contrast, in recent months of July and June, price has rallied up to the level of 30 percent. Three interlinked factors are indentified as driving forces behind the price rally. These are global weather condition, global supply and global demand. Starting with global weather, a comparatively drier and warmer season is experienced by producers in Europe and Black Sea. France, Italy, Spain and Australia as well experienced rainfall that is below yearly average. As a result, there is a global supply shortage leading to a price rise globally. Similar situation is faced in domestic market of Australia. This is in contrast to a situation as recorded in 2016/17 in Australia. The excess supply during this time had pushed prices down. The excess supply in the domestic market exported to fulfill international demand (smh.com.au 2017). When international demand raised, then it creates a shortage in domestic market and again leads to a rise in price. Australia faces an inelastic demand base for both domestic consumption and major export homes. The inelastic demand is required to be met before supplementary demand. A more competitive price is needed in order to achieve this fill. The varying elasticity affects Australias grain production and pricing decision. The microeconomic concepts that need to be evaluated for a complete analysis and understanding key insights are forces of demand and supply in determining price for both global and international market. Elastic or inelastic nature of demand is also crucial and hence need attention. Economic analysis of the article In economics, Supply refers to an amount of goods and services offered by the seller to the consumer given the price at a particular point in time. A positive relation is found to exist between supply and price (Fine 2016). This means when price rises then supply rises as well and vice versa. Consequently, there are movements along the supply curve because of any change in own price. Change in factors other than price causes a shift in the supply curve. When supply curve shifts a new equilibrium point is obtained and correspondingly a new market price and quantity. In crop harvesting, weather is an important factor influencing production. Insufficient rainfall results in an unfavorable weather condition for harvesting. In this year, there is an unusual warmer and drier season in Black Sea and Europe (northqueenslandregister.com.au 2017). France has experienced rainfall that is 75pc of average seasonal rainfall. Italy, during this season has 77pc of its average rainfall. Rainfall is even lower for Spain. It has 66 pc rainfalls than usual . The insufficient rainfall means a reduction in global production. As a result, the supply curve will shift leftward causing a rise in price and decline in quantity. This is explained in the figure given. In figure 1, DD depicts the global demand for grain. SS reflects supply or global production. E is the initial equilibrium point which gives P* and Q* as respective equilibrium price and quantity. When there is decrease in global production due to poor weather condition then supply curve shifts inward and S1S1 is new supply curve. When supply shrinks, then available supply fell short of the demand (Currie, Peel and Peters 2016). To ration the excess demand price has to be increased. Corresponding to this new supply curve E1 is the new equilibrium point indicating a high price P1. The condition of global weather hampered the world production of wheat and barley has experienced an unexpected decrease in production in the extent of five years. Buyers who really have demand for grains need to pay a premium price. Most of the cropping belts in Australia has experienced below average rainfall. This resulted in lower production per acres and yielding penalties. The contraction of supply in domestic market has a similar effect as that described in figure 1. In a sharp contrast to this situation, during 2016/17 the Australian Market is overflowed with grain supply. The excess supply is required to be rationed in the market with an increased demand; otherwise, the excess supplied quantity will be wasted. This pushed the price down to a low level not observed in the last ten years. When there is excess grain production, then supply curve will shift rightward. The situation is reverse as described in figure 1. The new equilibrium is E1 as obtained from the intersection of demand existing demand curve and new supply curve (Baumol and Blinder 2015). Unless there is an increase in demand price goes down as is happened in Australian market in 2016/17. In order to absorb the excess supply in the domestic market and escape from the low price Australia exported the excess produced grains. The low priced grain exported from Australia faced increased international demand. Now increased supply in association with increased demand helps to recover from low price and price increased gradually (Kolmar 2017). Change in any factors other than price causes a shift in the demand curve. Demand in the Australian grain market increases, because of an increased demand for export in the international market. This is shown by a rightward shift in the demand curve from initial DD to D1D1. Market equilibrium is at the joining point of new demand curve (D1D1) and new supply curve (S1S1) (Taylor 2014). Equilibrium is set at a high price (P**) and high quantity (Q**). The recorded quantity of grain exported from Australia lead to a complete absorption of stocks at the end of 2016/17 (weeklytimesnow.com.au 2017). The remaining stock has happened to be less than originally estimated. For wheat, the estimate is 8.5 million tones and for barley, it is 800 thousand. The overall impact on grain price is a hike in price by 30 pc. The forecast for wheat and barley demand is 21.mt and 7.7mt respectively for the season 2017/18. This puts an overall supply of 30mt and 8.5mt. Elasticity of demand and price determination Elasticity of demand signifies proportionate change in demand corresponding to a proportionate change in price. Pricing decision depends on responsiveness of demand when price changes because price and quantity together determines revenue (Rader 2014). Demand is considered as relatively inelastic in cases where change in demand is proportionately less than change in price. In case of relatively elastic demand, demand changes more than price. Depending on the nature of demand, price revision is taken into consideration (Bernanke, Antonovics and Frank 2015). In situation of an elastic demand, the demand curve is flatter is shape (Rode 2015). A small increase in price from P1 to P2 causes a much larger reduction in quantity from Q1 to Q2. DD shows a relatively inelastic demand curve (Arrow 2015). Here, a rise in price from P1 to P2 causes a smaller reduction in demand quantity from Q1 to Q2. Australia has an inelastic demand base for consumption in the domestic market and key export countries. The Australian forecast of domestic demand for wheat and barley is 8.4mt and 3.5 mt respectively, constituting an exportable surplus of 16mt and 3.5mt. However, even before passing half of year Australia already exported nearly 6mt of barley and 16mt of wheat absorbing the entire estimated surplus. With a reasonable grain price in the global market, more buyers now come in the global market pushing the prices up. Therefore, Australia no longer remains competitive into export market having elastic demand because in the phase high price demand reduced drastically (Cowen and Tabarrok 2015). It continues exporting in the inelastic export market. Conclusion The recent upsurge in price of wheat and barley market leads to enough decreases in demand such that it offsets the decrease in production because of an below average rainfalls in major supplier countries. This also ensures that inelastic export and domestic demand can be fulfilled in the coming season. In the Australian market, the grain growers face a double-edged sword. Given all other factors remain constant, price stays constant in the short term. Unless the region receives, sufficient rainfall or brighter weather prospect the production cannot be improved and so is the price. Until, the time arrived, there is no other option but to wait for the next season in 2017/18 for a significant turnout to be happened. References "Wheat And Barley Price Volatility Not Seen In Three Years - Agriculture - Cropping - General News - Farm Weekly". 2017.Farmweekly.Com.Au. https://www.farmweekly.com.au/news/agriculture/cropping/general-news/dramatic-impact-on-global-grain-prices/2755620.aspx. Gray, Darren. 2017. "Big Dry Puts Scythe Through Wheat Harvest".The Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/business/big-dry-puts-scythe-through-wheat-harvest-20170911-gyf6ye.html. "Hold Em, Fold Em, Walk Away Or Run | Nidera". 2017.North Queensland Register. https://www.northqueenslandregister.com.au/story/4948577/hold-em-fold-em-walk-away-or-run-nidera/?cs=4770. "Stockfeed Demand Drives Barley Markets Higher". 2017.Weeklytimesnow.Com.Au. https://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/agribusiness/cropping/grain-talk/grain-market-dry-week-stockfeed-demand-drives-barley-markets-higher/news-story/dc988c53d68d775585d0bf0bf9940d8b. Fine, Ben. "Microeconomics."University of Chicago Press Economics Books(2016). Currie, David, David Peel, and Will Peters, eds.Microeconomic Analysis (Routledge Revivals): Essays in Microeconomics and Economic Development. Routledge, 2016. Baumol, William J., and Alan S. Blinder.Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning, 2015. Kolmar, Martin. "Introduction." InPrinciples of Microeconomics, pp. 45-53. Springer, Cham, 2017. Taylor, Matthew P. "ECNS 201S. 03: Principles of Microeconomics." (2014). Rader, Trout.Theory of microeconomics. Academic Press, 2014. Bernanke, Ben, Kate Antonovics, and Robert Frank.Principles of macroeconomics. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2015. Rode, Sanjay. "Modern Microeconomics." (2015). Arrow, Kenneth. "Microeconomics and operations research: Their interactions and differences."Information Systems Frontiers17, no. 1 (2015): 3-9. Cowen, Tyler, and Alex Tabarrok.Modern Principles of Microeconomics. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.

Strategic Process Management †Nabisco Essay Example

Strategic Process Management – Nabisco Essay Strategic Process Management – Nabisco 1)Introduction Nabisco is 1 of Kraft’s billion-dollar brands which is dated back to as far as more than a century since 1898 when the United States Baking Company, the New York Biscuit Company and the American Biscuit amp; Manufacturing Company formed to become the National Biscuit Company. â€Å"Nabisco† first appeared on a new sugar wafer product in 1901, but the corporate name did not change from National Biscuit Company to Nabisco, Inc. until 1971. Kraft Food acquired the Nabisco business in December 2000. Today, Nabisco’s brands include some of the best-known cookies and crackers in the world, including Oreo, Chips Ahoy! and Ritz. Nabisco’s existence over such long history in the food industry also denotes that it have advantages over competitors in the behaviours of the consumers. Nabisco rid the wave of changing together with the traditional manufacturer focus push strategy of â€Å"We made it, you buy it† to the consumers focus pull strategy of â€Å"you make it; we’ll let you know about it†. The â€Å"We† as a seller, have switched its role; from a dominating to a submissive position empowering the consumers. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Process Management – Nabisco specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Process Management – Nabisco specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Process Management – Nabisco specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In order to balance the empowerment, Nabisco knew it had to invest in its supply chain function! Only when its supply chain is in good function that it can ensure repeated business transaction continues and generates profits for the company. - Here in this assignment, we will be looking into how Nabisco implemented Strategic Process Management to its supply chain function by analysing its business environment to reconstructive its mission and vision, what choices it made to enhance its strategy and built the company’s image and what measurements and control tools it have to sustain its success. 2)Nabisco Corporate Philosophy Nabisco created 1 wholesome vision which included the company, the customers and the anticipation. A vision that focused both on internal and external factors on doing things right the first time above all expectation. * Mission:To be First, Fast amp; Fresh One that can create a focus on customers’ needs, the internal alignment that let Nabisco wor k towards common goals, and executive excellence to give them speed and ability to do things right the first time, better than the competition, and better than our customers’ expectations. In order to achieve the mission, Nabisco have to organize the company internally to achieve self-excellence through independence. Being Proactive, Nabisco promotes this proactive mindset by recognizing and rewarding its employees for demonstration of proactive qualities in the monthly town hall meeting. A simple step which encourages all employers to take ownership and dignity that they are responsible for. Next, Nabisco visualized; being with the end in mind, this meant, creating a sense of direction for the Nabisco. Being proactive in Nabisco’s development, employees of all departments and all levels form a team to create the â€Å"Mission† for the company. The mission for Nabisco created was to get the products from Nabisco to the customers First, Fast and Fresh. Being all armed with both proactive and a sense of direction, Nabisco embarked into ‘strategic management’, decision making which leads to actions taken that will determine if a corporation is going to excel, survive only or shuts down in future. This is a strategic plan which has to be somewhat different. This was 1 of the most important implementation in Nabisco, Strategic Management focus on and stays through a plan that is very important for Nabisco. And Nabisco started to build the framework of the plan into its operations, focusing on supply chain function. * Goal:Create Supply Chain to be Fast, Focus, Flexible and Fun. Fast; speed which also denotes for action oriented in Nabisco. Focus; taking care and understanding their customers well at the same time creating extra value for customers. Flexibility; this means ideas over procedures, loosening tight controls which generates better ideas to improve work flows or environments. Lastly, being Fun; a passionate and enthusiastic attitude about getting the work done. - With vision aligned, Nabisco concluded a critical decision on investing in Supply Chain. As supply chain management defines, all resources which includes finance, materials and information that flows from the supplier’s supplier ending all the way to the customer’s customer. In order to fulfill its mission, Nabisco’s supply chain will have to succeed. Supply Chain Strategic Management became the core competent that Nabisco need to achieve. 3)Analyzing the Business Environment In order to understand where Nabisco is in the market, SWOT Analysis amp; Porter’s five force models are used to evaluate Nabisco’s internal amp; external operating environment and market situation. Below, you will see both analyzing models being performed. a) Business amp; Market Analysis i) SWOT Analysis A method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats invo lved in a project or in a business venture. A market analysis which involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieve that objective. Figure 3. 3: SWOT Analysis Diagram (Source: www. businessteacher. org. uk) * Strength i) Staff Strength With staff strength of 5000, it creates better approach for Nabisco in staff deployment which it leverages with retailer by putting them with directly at the store. Thus this will improve customer relationship. ii) Financially Sounded Organization Nabisco is a $3. 6 billion financial sound organization which this enhances its position to implement strategic reforms as a corporation. iii) Direct Relationship with Consumers The strongest strength of Nabisco is its direct customer relationship. This direct contact with consumers gives Nabisco a competitive advantage because Nabisco knows exactly who are their consumers, their requirements, when consignments shall be arrival, how to display the products, pricing that consumers spent with Nabisco and etc. It is a more to a 1-1 proposition. Moreover, Nabisco sale staff can rely on the gather information to office for market interpretation. iv) Low Inventory and Short Produce Life Cycle Nabisco has substituted information for inventories and manufactures biscuits quantity to be as accurate as possible. Key advantages are reducing low inventories and improve the quality of the products. This is a very vital point and basic want from the customer to be able to purchase a freshly made biscuits and value for purchase. The low inventory level also enables Nabisco to incorporate declining components ‘costs and pass some of the saving to customers faster than rivals. Weakness i)Lack of Market Reach Nabisco faces barrier in markets where there are existing good local competitors, consumer preferences for local brands, religious and well-entrenched distribution channels. * Opportunity i) Development of Product Range and Target Audience Nabisco has the ability to integrate the manufacturing of product with food technology. F or instance, they have created a new product called â€Å"Snack-Well† which the reduced-fats products have successfully retains its tastiness. This has expanded its product range and created a healthy awareness. Threat i) Duplication of DSD Nabisco’s breakthrough of DSD was a big success that its industry competitors have duplicated/implemented the direct to customer model with varying degree of successes too. It may not be a competitive advantage in the near future. In additional, low cost competitors can easily copy Nabisco’s strategies especially those located in the developing countries. ii) Hygiene Monitoring Besides having a quick, fast moving of products to the consumers, it is vital to ensure that hygiene are closely monitoring throughout the pipeline. One mistake can be fatal to the survival of Nabisco. ii) Porter’s Five Forces This framework draws upon Industrial Organization (IO) economics to derive five forces that determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of a market. Attractiveness in this context refers to the overall industry profitability. An unattractive industry is one in which the combination of these five forces acts to drive down overall profitability. A business analysis that is critical for the company’s plan in going forward. Figure 3. 4: Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Diagram Source: The Free Encyclopedia, www. wikipedia. org) i) Suppliers Depending on their order quantities, this can put themselves in a good bargaining power from the suppliers and thus adding a degree of pressure to the suppliers in cost factors and speed consignment delivery. However, there is necessitating for a backward integration in the fear event of ingredient stock out. This will result the slowdo wn of manufacturing and cannot deliver fast enough to stores. Basically biscuits industry’s commodity is classified as a fast moving consumer’s goods (FMCG) industry. Supplier evaluation is also vital taking the recent case of the China milk scandal case, if anyone of the biscuits ingredient (milk) is ordered from these wick suppliers. The entire manufacturing line will be stopped and reputation is greatly affected. ii) New Entrants As this is a consumer food industry, it is considered relatively difficulties to penetrate into this market. The companies are required to process the relevant food authority license, comply to their require checking at all time and a higher capital set up investment. Nevertheless, if the new rival manages to obtain the operating license and with wide publicity, the rival can easily compete with Nabisco. Especially in this new era with the rapid growth of emerging and developing countries, any locally biscuits with sound financial ground company can expand the market share globally. Nabisco understand this possibility of new entrants as such they have direct customer interact within the store, maintain the relationship and replenish the stocks at the quicker time. iii) Buyers There are many alternatives in this biscuits industry ranging. The switching power of the buyers is high. In order to reduce the bargaining power of the customers, the manufacturer can lock in long term contracts with their customers. In additional, they can produce products to target certain audience. iv) Substitutes There are varieties of biscuits available in the markets. As a result, consumers could easily substitute their choices, especially if the products are not put correctly on shelf fast enough and cannot drew the customers’ attention. Nabisco is aware on this point and decide to put at least 4-5 sale persons at the front line to drew customers’ attention. In additional, with careful supply chain management and good integration of the good food technology, the manufacturer can introduce good foods like â€Å"Snack well’s†. This has successfully substituted the competitors’ products. v) Industry Competitors In this biscuit industry, the competitiveness is relative higher. New innovative products are introduced to the markets any moments. Existing players must be consistently check and review the competitors’ movement. Beside that the organization has to create the right culture and structures to stay focus on their version and goal in order to supersede their rivals. For Nabisco, they put great emphasis on team work and investing on the right people at the right time to achieve their competitive advantage. b) Nabisco’s Supply Chain Model With strong financial backup, comprehensive program like direct store delivery and investment in information technology EDI system like Distribution Requirement Planning (DRP) or point of sale have made this reform possible. Strong Competitor and demanding customers directed Nabisco in adoption of several important concepts in its supply chain to achieve its goal. Mass merchandisers which deploying using one stop warehouse, or direct from the manufacturer to the store in a system named Direct Store Delivery (DSD), resources management and food technologies were implemented. The company is driven by advanced information technology system which does everything from the plants to managing inventory in the entire supply chain pipeline. Figure 3. 1: Traditional Supply Chain in Food Industry Figure 3. 2: Nabisco’s New Supply Chain Diagram Nabisco’s production is demand driven so that it is coordinated with end user’s demands. It supply chain uses fast information flow mechanisms to transfer information about customer demand to the manufacturing facilities. With the strong belief of the importance of information technology, Nabisco has introduced EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) DRP to be exact, which has the capable to synchrony information. With evaluation of forecasts and actual demand, DRP is the foundation for time-phrases production scheduling which shortens the lead time and accelerated the delivery time to the customer. Reference to Figure 5. 1: Establish Integrated U. S. Food End to End Processes in section 5, illustrates the flow of information and material in Nabisco’s supply chain. Nabisco has the ability to anticipate incoming order more accurately and subsequently, maintain its cost of inventory at minimum level. In additional, it will reduce the â€Å"bull whip† effect; smooth information flow along the supply chain pipeline. On the other hand, Nabisco’s supply chain strategic is simple in concept but very complex in execution. As its pull based strategy in final stage are only workable when the lead times of the components are short enough for its production line to react faster to the demand information. Similarly in order respond to orders and promptly delivery timing, manufacturing lead time is vital to be shortened. - Nabisco strongly believe that there is no real customer value without a close relationship; therefore they have positioned the sale persons to take the orders and arrange direct delivery direct from its DC to the store. Thus this will maintain a closeness direct touch with their retailer’s consumers. By doing so, they can deliver fresh products at a faster pace and less handling signify a lesser breakage of fragile products. This is why Nabisco emphasis on its mission of First, Fast and Fresh. - 4)Choices of Strategy Following strategic analysis, strategic choice will be the second element in the strategic management process. There are 4 strategy formulations which include societal strategy, corporate strategy, business strategy and functional strategy. Nabisco formulated on 3 strategy formulations in succeed of their business. a) Corporate Strategy The corporate strategy is tied together with the corporate vision and the direction of the organization. Nabisco’s corporate mission is to be first, fast, and fresh. In order to achieve the goal, the top management wants to place supply chain management at the core of a comprehensive business strategy to better serve customers, build sales, profits and returns. For a good supply chain management, it is important to have a good team of people in the organization. Thus, Nabisco’s investment starts with getting and developing the right people. The company do provides a good environment for everyone to make contribution to the organization. b) Business Strategy Business strategy is another strategic choice which will attain competitive advantages over the competitors. Logistics cost is significant in distribution and it is important to have a good distribution strategy in order to reduce the cost. Nabisco is one of the very few companies that have done well in their distribution strategy. They used different distribution methods for different type of products. For all cookies and related food products, it uses Direct Store Delivery (DSD). DSD can be expensive but it’s cost effective. It gives Nabisco tremendous leverage with retailers as it puts company in a position to be a real factor in improving their business. DSD also require less handling which lead to less breakage of fragile products. Nabisco had applied DSD very well in their distribution which brings the company lead among the competitors. Restructuring is the corporate management term for the act of reorganizing the legal, ownership, operational, or other structure of a company for the purpose of making it more profitable, or better organized for its current needs. Nabisco have decided to go into restructuring the organization so to improve its competitive position. Its restructuring programs include re-organize corporate staff and operating company head offices and reducing low-volume product lines and sizes. It allows Nabisco to gain higher productivity and serve customers better with lower operating cost. Nabisco’s investment is another competitive advantage to the organization. Its investment had paid off over and over for the company. It gets hold of the opportunity and combines with their good ideas, good food technology and flawless supply chain management to come out with new products. They have made their products grown big and fast which other competitors didnt manage to. c) Functional Strategy Another strategy which spells the in-house functional capabilities will be the functional strategy. In Nabisco, they create right culture ad structure to wrap around the right supply chain management system. The key elements of their culture will be fast, focused, flexible, and fun. Speed is one of the main concerns in food grocery industry and it see as the price of admission to any competitive field. Focused, in order to focus on customer’s need and to fulfill it, Nabisco not only just understand their customer’s business but involve being part of it. It also focuses on their business need so to create a kind of free-flowing functional excellence. Flexibility, it refers to the organization as it means more leadership and less management. Lastly will be fun, it is important that people in the organization have the passion in getting the job done. In the industry, many organizations have made the mistake of stopping with automated billing and payment which is the fundamental contribution of EDI’s ability to link computers. As for Nabisco, it concentrates on the full range of value-adding application that brings computer links to life. Nabisco had created a new order management system which allows the salesperson to generate orders on the go. Its plant and planning are wired together and make all the information in the system are up to date. With all the useful information in the system, the organization able to have a better monitoring and planning by generating useful reports. Wiring the organization effectively had bring Nabisco to another success in managing the company’s inventory system. - Nabisco is doing well in new products innovation and it had awarded with the Outstanding Corporate Innovator Award based on the new product success. Nabisco is the first food company to be so honored. Over the years, Nabisco had created many new products regularly and have successfully retained the products stayed on the shelves. In doing so, the organization have a good team of Ramp;D people which the company divides them into product development and research lines. Both divisions work as a team very closely and lead to the success in new products innovation. - 5)Implementation of Strategy Strategic Management Process for Nabisco involved analysis of environment, evaluation of strategic formulations, implementation and m onitoring of strategy progress. It is important to attain competitive advantage over the competitors via strategic implementation and monitoring. After evaluating the business environment of Nabisco, through SWOT and Porter’s analysis, the corporation is well aware of its business standing in the food industry. The understanding of strategic analysis led to strategic choice, which consists of corporate strategy, business strategy and functional strategy. Subsequently, implementing and monitoring emerge to execute the final plan. These plans enable an organisation to concrete the words or planning into action and to achieve corporate objective. a) Structure Distribution Channel The distribution channel affects how a company reached out to its customers. Nabisco deliver products to consumer through traditional grocery, as well as mass merchandisers such as convenience store, membership club and drug store. They managed to operate the distribution well, thanks to their warehouse distribution stops and DSD. Reference to Figure 3. 1 Traditional Supply Chain in Food Industry and Figure 3. 2 Nasbisco’s New Supply Chain Diagram in section 3b, illustrates the changes in Nabisco’s supply chain flow. This is uncommon for a company to operate their distribution channel in 2 ways. Nabisco puts themselves directly in touch with its retailers’ consumers and help them to reach consumers efficiently. The management of Nabisco evaluate the company’s supply chain from the top to shipping and distribution of final products. They understood the strategy accurately and ensure that all the departments are work and function efficiently in order to meet their goals. The effective strategies that Nabisco has adopted led them to meet their customers’ desire. Customer perceptions are important to guide the company in meeting quality standards and customer retention. Nabisco gives customer what they want, how and when they want it at an agreed upon price that they are happy to pay. On top of that, Nabisco cultivated a right culture to create the right supply chain management system. Both are typically interrelated in nurture a successful supply chain management. Nabisco’s effort for change in distribution channel worked so well that it won them competitive advantages in providing an expanded customer base more than their competitors. System Nabisco needed to develop 2 major supply chain systems—a new sales forecasting tool and a DRP (Distribution Requirements Planning) system. After 2 years of research and planning, it implemented the DRP and forecasting systems in late 1990. This also enhanced its order management and inventory management systems to be more robust and to take advantage of the new components to the supply chain. Nabisco defined supply chain management as â€Å"a business practice that begins with the customer, integrating systems and business processes from forecasting through demand planning, resulting in an effective integration of purchasing, order management, manufacturing and transportation to the customer. † Such implementation meets its objective of being the low cost supplier, not just manufacturer, to the customers. The business process begins with a forecast. Representatives from production planning, sales, operations, marketing, finance, plant management, and logistics formally meet monthly to ensure that agreement exists with regard to the forecast plan. The focus here is on aligning the availability of materials/packaging supplies and production capability. The team studies the promotional calendar and any changes in timing to identify potential trouble spots such as line conflicts, availability of ingredients, and machine capacity. The logistics group has complete control, however, to determine the forecast that is sent over to the Distribution Requirements Planning (DRP) system, and becomes the foundation for production scheduling and deployment to the distribution center network. Weekly operational meetings take place where key participants jointly resolve variations that might exist between the recommended production schedule and manufacturing capabilities. The team understands that unexpected problems can occur and that these issues must be immediately communicated so that an alternative plan can be agreed upon. Common goals and objectives drive the incentive system, ensuring all participants do not operate with conflicting measurement systems. Nabisco have a strong technology foundation that provides end-to-end, common integrated systems and functionality. Our technology foundation is built on common, integrated systems and metrics. All key supply chain participants have access to real (or near real) time data that influences the performance of the supply chain. This is critical if we are to measure our performance as one supply chain, driven from a common data source, with fully linked performance indicators. This gives us the ability to perform enterprise-wide supply chain modeling as illustrated above. Figure 5. 1: Establish Integrated U. S. Food End to End Processes (Source: www. bsu. edu) Today, through new item introductions and a general proliferation of products, Nabisco manage many more individual stock keeping units (SKUs) than in the past. In fact it has moved from 1,600 SKUs just 5years ago to more than 2,100 today. Although manufacturing capacities have been improved, there has not been a corresponding increase in the manufacturing flexibility due to the capital investment that would be required. Many of its manufacturing facilities operate with high speed equipment that was intended for long runs, with few changeovers. Additionally, through initiatives like Efficient Consumer Response and others, progressive companies are operating with fewer inventories than in the past. They have altered their buying cycles and are presenting manufacturers with smaller orders requiring more frequent deliveries. This requires planning to become more intense and time constrained, with a true customer and lowest landed cost focus. Nabisco must focus its supply chain to respond to customers ordering more items in smaller quantities with less lead-time. b) Processes Nabisco also invested on resource planning and flexibility within organisation. It is important to build a comfortable working environment for the employee to work efficiently and make contribution to the company. Nabisco motivate and reward their employee by enhancing the development and promotion system. With a right incentive system and management appraisal, Nabisco could see the result from the company’s profit as well as return. In addition, Nabisco understand that the key driver for the business is consumer’s demand. Thus, they are putting the right people in critical positions, to serve customer fast, first and fresh. For example, they have a team of 5,000 people calling on stores in United States. With the efficient of distribution and management, Nabisco reach customers at maximum speed and accuracy. To become a lowest cost food manufacturer and excel their competitors in the market besides pricing, Nabisco needs to provide continuous and lifelong self improvement programmes to the employee. To managing talent, attracting and motivating is the key to retain the best people. A good investment in people is a global practice that could help the organisation to concentrate on core competencies in business. c) Behaviour Organisation behaviour does constitute to strategic implementation. The people, leadership and information system is crucial in optimising effectiveness of organisation strategy. Nabisco is a food manufacturing company that exercised action oriented and entrepreneurial. They are learning a new lesson from the risk they faced in the past. Also, good communication between functional departments aids to drop the superfluous processes in product manufacturing and distribution. The sales people of Nabisco visiting the stores few times a week. Every time they visit, they will take the order, arrange stock delivery, and display the products on the selves. By doing so, they are able to reach consumers need in fastest way. Moreover, they could adjust the supply of the products in the stores according to market demand. - Technology supports the service; product support promise; quality support customer value and focus. Nabisco created a new product Snack well and introduced to market. They received overwhelming demand from the consumers in a short period. This successful launching shows that the effort of good idea, technology and people management is important to thrive in strategy implementation. - 6) Control of Strategy Control simply means to monitor and improved on. Monitoring of organisation strategy is to measuring actual performance of the organisation against planned performance. It helps to identify the gaps and deviations of an organisation before they could take corrective action. Strategic control is vital as its focuses on actions implement by organisation to achieve organisation objective. It is important to obtain customer feedback in the process of strategic control. With a good channel of communication with consumers, it facilitates in creating manufacturing flexibility to meet company’s structure. In Nabisco, the management and employees were able to maintain inventory cost and carrying cost low and provide customers excellence service in unison. In order to achieve higher market share and profit in the industry, Nabisco continue to reduce the cost of inventory for raw material and packaging cost for finished goods. Indexes like Inventory turn and customer satisfaction are implemented to keep track upon. Nabisco also measures the company performance by finance indicator, Return on Equity (ROE). They constantly improve customer service by increase the orders fulfilment and invoicing accuracy as well as timely delivery. Because they are doing business efficiently, revenue and profits increase. On the other hand, proper inventory management further enhance the company’s ROE. Eventually, business runs better and dynamic with appropriate monitoring approaches adopted by Nabisco. - In summary, an organisation needs to set reasonable target and focus on core business while defending the corporate values at the same time. The leadership from the top management play crucial role in the strategy implementation and monitoring. They support research and development of an organisation, also control the capital spending tightly. Beside, Nabisco retain capable employees by reward them generously. Low employee turnover do aids in the strategy implementing and monitoring. - 7)Conclusion Supply chain management (SCM) does not totally described the complex challenges faced in providing the customer with value-added products and services while concurrently meeting a company’s vision and mission. However, given all of the elements involved— technology, communications, corporate cultures, internal goals, customer requirements—the dynamics of SCM can be many and complex. Nabisco made an excellent strategic decision by focusing and investing in its supply chain function! It actually took 2 years for Nabisco take on that challenge with much determination. It was not an easy decision, much consideration and analysis and picking the right strategy to meet its goal. This Strategic decision for implementation proved success. It enhanced Nabisco’s order management and inventory management systems to be more robust and to take advantage of the new components to the supply chain. Nabisco received many other benefits from the supply chain efforts. Inventory turns improved by about 15% while it added complexity in the form of additional stock keep units competing for manufacturing time. Additionally, Nabisco’s customer service improved as case fill rose to nearly 99% and they were able to respond quicker to the rapidly changing marketplace demand. Its forecast error was reduced to 39% (stock keep units/location level) again, while the number of items managed increased substantially. The logistics cost as a percentage of sales dropped to just over 6%, a reduction of 15%. - Nabisco continued to improve upon its efficiencies as our programs take advantage of tighter linkages and improved technologies with which to plan. Finally, with much improvements and going forward,